The non-prefixed infinitive "Czyt(-yw-)ać" means "To read (occasionally)". All the prefixes you listed, they all change the basic meaning of the non-prefixed infinitive into a different variation of that basic meaning. The same applies to non-prefixed infinitives which have only one basic meaning, other examples of such infinitives are "Pis(-yw-)ać = "To write (occasionally)", "Pi(-ja-)ć" = "To drink (occasionally)", and "Jeść"/("Jadać") = "To eat (occasionally)", etc
All the prefixes you listed, except for the prefixes "Wy-", "Roz(e)-", and "Prze-", are also standalone prepositions (For example, the preposition "Za" means "After"/"Behind"/"For" eg. "Godzina za godziną" = "Hour after hour", "...za domem" = "...behind the house/home", and "Dziękuję Ci/Wam za coś" = "I thank you/yous for something"...The preposition "Do" means "Up to/until a certain time frame" and also means "Mode of transportation to/towards/into name of location" eg. "...do jutra" = "...up to/until tomorrow", and "Jeżdżę do miasta" = "I travel by vehicle to/towards/into the city/town",...etc)
Hope this can help further, here's a list of Polish prepositions (most 1-syllable Polish prepositions are also used as infinitive prefixes): en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Polish_prepositions
...Plus a list of Polish prefixes (some of which are also standalone prepositions, most commonly prefixed onto Polish infinitives): en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Polish_prefixes
(Note, some Polish prepositions are not infinitive prefixes, and some infinitive prefixes are not prepositions)
Click each 1-syllable standalone preposition in the 1st link above to read the standalone Polish preposition meaning, then click each prepositional prefix in the 2nd link above to read the Polish prefix meaning...Either that, or as shown in both links below, replace za in 1st link below with 1-word Polish preposition of choice, and then replace za- in 2nd link with 1-word Polish prefix of your choice. (Don't forget "dash" at end of prefix):
Prepositions in any language which uses them are almost never, if ever, translated verbatim. Frequently, it will appear as if they track with the other language, e.g Polish-English, but instances of an exact equivalent are rare!
Examples of some differences in prepositional usage between Polish vs. [American] English:
w piatek = ON (rather than "in") Friday pod wieczorem = TOWARDS (rather than literally "under") evening nad Renem = ON/ALONG (not "over" or "above") the Rhine na krzesle = IN (preferrable to "on") the chair
Is there Polish-language equivalent of the phrase "Suck it up, buttercup!"? (such as an informal/slang Polish phrase?) Or only a Polish literal phrase?...Maybe something like "Wytrzymaj/Wytrzymuj to jak mężczyzna, Ty bekso!" ("Take it like a man, you crybaby!")?
"Trzymac (sie)" means literally "to keep", as in the expression though not directly translated,"Trzymaj sie!" or "Take it easy!", word for word, "Hold/Keep yourself strong!".
@ForumUser, always remind yourself that it's not the case in every instance to say something differently in another language, but to say different things because we think different thoughts when communicating in any other than our mother tongue:-)
In mine, from the middle of the place that likes English so much we named our nationality and country after it, "take care" means goodbye and "take it easy" means "don't get stressed" or "don't work so hard" or "dont drink too fast" or don't show yourself up".
In Polish, "trymaj się" is goodbye in the same way and "take ot easy" has several possibilities, most related to peace or speed.
"Trzymaj sie!" or "Take it easy!", word for word, "Hold/Keep yourself strong!"
The non-prefixed infinitive "Trzymać" (minus the "się" part) means "To hold (onto) something" and "Trzymać się" means "To continue doing something as before". The Wy-prefixed infinitive "Wytrzym(-yw-)ać" means "To withstand something" or informally/slangly "To suck it up"
Yes, it is used by Nikoś Dyzma to his boss: Dymam Cię, chamie jeden!
Does Polish language use names of flowers/plants in name-callings? (eg. "You buttercup/pansy!" etc = "Ty jaskrze/bratku!" etc?)
The literal (non-slang) translation of the infinitive "Porąbać" is "To axe/chop/hack/lacerate/slash etc someone or something", and has no present tense conjugation (as in, a "Perfective" infinitive, many of which are commonly prefixed with prepositional prefixes such as "Po-", "Za-", etc).
The non-prefixed counterpart "Rąbać" has the same non-slang definitions as mentioned above, plus is also (informally/slangily) "To beat/hit/kill/shoot/steal/throw/toss/trash etc someone or something" (Another informal/slang definition of "Rąbać" is "To chow down foods & drinks"), and has present tense conjugation (an "Imperfective" infinitive).
has the same non-slang definitions as mentioned above, plus is also (informally/slangily) "To beat/hit/kill/shoot/steal/throw/toss/trash etc someone
Actually, it still has another slang meaning. I will never forget how I came to a big garage looking for an old colleague of mine who was working there as a car mechanic - I stood at the door and yelled: MAAAREK! MAAAREK! a few times. Eventually he appeared and said: Porąbało cię???
What did he mean??? It was 20 years ago. I haven`t seen my colleague since then.
"Narabiac" off the top of my head without checking in my dictionary means "to earn", I think. Wonder if it's somehow a related verb w/"(z)robic". What with perfective vs. imperfective verb stem changes ("f.ex. "mowic"/"mawiac" etc.), I often get confused as a foreigner still perfecting his Polish:-)
@kie The doubly-prefixed "Perfective" infinitive "Narozrabiać" means "To do a bad/wrong thing" or "To misbehave"...Doubly prefixed as prepositional pre-prefix "Na-" onto non-prepositional prefix "Roz(e)-".
The non-prefixed "Imperfective" counterpart "Robić" means "To do an activity/chore/task" (including "To prepare a meal"). The prefixed infinitives' meanings ranging from a slight change from non-prefixed meaning, to a completely different meaning altogether.
Non-prepositional prefixes such as "Prze-", "Roz(e)-", and "Wy-" (as well as prepositional prefixes such as "Do-", "Na-", "O-", "Po-", "U-", "Za-", etc) are prefixed onto both "Robić" (making it Perfective) and "-Rabiać" (Imperfective counterpart of Perfectively-prefixed "-Robić"...as "Rabiać" is otherwise nonexistent unless prefixed. But here "Narozrabiać" is Perfective only, and there's no "Narozrobić" counterpart).
