Veles
9 Mar 2015
Love / Polish girls hard in relationships [156]
I live in a village and am unable to agree with you.
I live in a village and am unable to agree with you.
Veles
5 Mar 2015
Love / Polish girls hard in relationships [156]
Yes, Edinburgh guy, I have the same opinion. I cannot imagine myself in a relationship with a Polish girl [I am Polish living in Poland] - I observed many times that, or similar situation:
The guy smokes cigarettes. He meets a girl, who is not smoking cigarettes, but they are later in relationship. When they are in relationship, she starts demanding him to give up smoking, to give up alcohol drinking with his mates, to be some kind of a guy she wants him to be.
So I am asking... why is she in relationship with a guy, whose smoking is a problem for her? For some reasons they try to involve themselves in a relationship with men, who have more visible disadvantages, and they try to play Mother Teresa - to change him.
I cannot understand this phenomenon.
Yes, Edinburgh guy, I have the same opinion. I cannot imagine myself in a relationship with a Polish girl [I am Polish living in Poland] - I observed many times that, or similar situation:
The guy smokes cigarettes. He meets a girl, who is not smoking cigarettes, but they are later in relationship. When they are in relationship, she starts demanding him to give up smoking, to give up alcohol drinking with his mates, to be some kind of a guy she wants him to be.
So I am asking... why is she in relationship with a guy, whose smoking is a problem for her? For some reasons they try to involve themselves in a relationship with men, who have more visible disadvantages, and they try to play Mother Teresa - to change him.
I cannot understand this phenomenon.
Veles
28 Feb 2015
Language / How are names in Polish " nicknamed "? [10]
Caitlin is an Irish variant of name Catherine (Polish Katarzyna), so if you want to make diminutive in Polish, it will be Kasia.
Ivan, on the other hand, is East Slavic variant of name John (Polish Jan). In Polish it would be Janek. Vanya is diminutive in East Slavic languages.
Personally, I don't think that translating names is good enough. If he is Ivan, he is Ivan, and his shorter kind of name would be Vanya.
Caitlin is an Irish variant of name Catherine (Polish Katarzyna), so if you want to make diminutive in Polish, it will be Kasia.
Ivan, on the other hand, is East Slavic variant of name John (Polish Jan). In Polish it would be Janek. Vanya is diminutive in East Slavic languages.
Personally, I don't think that translating names is good enough. If he is Ivan, he is Ivan, and his shorter kind of name would be Vanya.
Veles
14 Feb 2015
Language / How many words does it take to be fluent in (the Polish) language? [21]
This is a good attitude :)
By the way, if I want to improve my vocabulary in case of some languages, I've noticed that listening to music with the lyrics in particular language is helpful. Especially, when you also have a translation.
that is tough, but it can be done
This is a good attitude :)
By the way, if I want to improve my vocabulary in case of some languages, I've noticed that listening to music with the lyrics in particular language is helpful. Especially, when you also have a translation.
Veles
14 Feb 2015
Language / How many words does it take to be fluent in (the Polish) language? [21]
Hello.
It would be easier if you would already knew another Slavic language. Slavic languages usually share the same grammar, so for example - if you speak Russian it would be easier for you to learn Polish. Spanish language, on the other hand is of different linguistic family and is quite easy, as far as I know. However, it doesn't mean that you will never understand Polish, it is bs. Every language is able to be spoken.
So, good luck :)
Hello.
It would be easier if you would already knew another Slavic language. Slavic languages usually share the same grammar, so for example - if you speak Russian it would be easier for you to learn Polish. Spanish language, on the other hand is of different linguistic family and is quite easy, as far as I know. However, it doesn't mean that you will never understand Polish, it is bs. Every language is able to be spoken.
So, good luck :)
Veles
7 Jan 2015
Love / Addressing your Polish in-laws or boy/girlfriend's parents? [49]
Though it's not common anymore. In the past there was no other way to greet a woman.
Though it's not common anymore. In the past there was no other way to greet a woman.
Veles
6 Jan 2015
Genealogy / Domkoski or Dabkowski - In search of my Grandfather's history [21]
Poland in XVII C.
Ducal Prussia was a part of PLC as a fief.
Poland in XVII C.
Ducal Prussia was a part of PLC as a fief.
Veles
6 Jan 2015
Genealogy / Domkoski or Dabkowski - In search of my Grandfather's history [21]
You see the date this map refers to? ;)
You see the date this map refers to? ;)
Veles
6 Jan 2015
Genealogy / Domkoski or Dabkowski - In search of my Grandfather's history [21]
It was Polish before partitions.
It was Polish before partitions.
Veles
6 Jan 2015
Love / Addressing your Polish in-laws or boy/girlfriend's parents? [49]
Good point, Paulina. :)
In fact, as far as I know, the usage of "pan/pani" comes from times of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and gentry. Members of gentry were using "pan/pani" in accordance to savoir-vivre rules that were present here. The peasantry was simply calling everyone by name, instead of the members of the gentry. Later, due to partitions, and later wars, the differences between gentry and peasantry/bourguise were not visible - in uprisings both classes were fighting, had same problems etc. This usage of "pan/pani" had spread and everyone was calling themselves this way, unless they were friends, colleagues, family members etc.
I am also confused with the arrogance of the "Western world" - it irritates me when someone from the west is surprised and shocked that someone in Poland doesn't speak English. Well, English is not an official language, as there is no reason for it to become, so Poles who live in Poland speak Polish (or regionally Kashubian language, or Silesian dialect of Polish language). Furthermore, I watched some videos about foreigners in Poland and they (at least feminine part) surprised, that Polish men are in a way gentle, as they open the door and let women first. It is also a part of our Polish culture, it is normal, and no... there's nothing tricky. In the past there was also "a rule" of kissing women's hand as a greeting, but it is not practised anymore.
Good point, Paulina. :)
In fact, as far as I know, the usage of "pan/pani" comes from times of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and gentry. Members of gentry were using "pan/pani" in accordance to savoir-vivre rules that were present here. The peasantry was simply calling everyone by name, instead of the members of the gentry. Later, due to partitions, and later wars, the differences between gentry and peasantry/bourguise were not visible - in uprisings both classes were fighting, had same problems etc. This usage of "pan/pani" had spread and everyone was calling themselves this way, unless they were friends, colleagues, family members etc.
I am also confused with the arrogance of the "Western world" - it irritates me when someone from the west is surprised and shocked that someone in Poland doesn't speak English. Well, English is not an official language, as there is no reason for it to become, so Poles who live in Poland speak Polish (or regionally Kashubian language, or Silesian dialect of Polish language). Furthermore, I watched some videos about foreigners in Poland and they (at least feminine part) surprised, that Polish men are in a way gentle, as they open the door and let women first. It is also a part of our Polish culture, it is normal, and no... there's nothing tricky. In the past there was also "a rule" of kissing women's hand as a greeting, but it is not practised anymore.
Veles
6 Jan 2015
Genealogy / Domkoski or Dabkowski - In search of my Grandfather's history [21]
I prefer Autumn rather than Spring.
And indeed, Pisz was under Prussian partition, though during 1st World War was occupated by Russia. After the war remained German, part of Poland after 2nd World War.
I prefer Autumn rather than Spring.
And indeed, Pisz was under Prussian partition, though during 1st World War was occupated by Russia. After the war remained German, part of Poland after 2nd World War.
Veles
5 Jan 2015
Genealogy / Drzązgowa, Wybierków; Przybył Łukasz (* Przybeło), pens Wybierkowa "ex Wrończyński - Translation with meaning [13]
Maybe there are some lessons available online for free.
Maybe there are some lessons available online for free.
Veles
5 Jan 2015
Genealogy / Drzązgowa, Wybierków; Przybył Łukasz (* Przybeło), pens Wybierkowa "ex Wrończyński - Translation with meaning [13]
There is no "Wybierekowa" but "Wybierkowa", because it's easier to spell, and faster. No need to add next syllable. Grammar.
"Pola Wybierkowskie" or "Wybierkowskie fields" may simply refer to the fields owned by Wybierek. This may be an adjective, and the area they owned was named after their surname. Something like "fields that belong to Wybierek". Every change of surname is a case of grammar: "Wybierek, Wybierka, Wybierków, Wybierkowa" et cetera - I told you that many times. If you want to understand it, you need to learn Polish grammar and the system of noun cases. Polish grammar is much more developed than English - it makes the language hard to learn. You may also ask me, why in Polish there are many forms of number 2, while in English are just few. What can I say? It is just because - grammar, language.
Their name may comes from the name of land, or the name of land may come from their name. Two options. It's hard to say now. For example, a village in Ukraine "Kysylyn" (Kisielin in Polish language) most probably comes from the owner's surname. On the other hand, other surnames may come from the name of village. In this particular case I would be more convinced, that their surname comes from the name of a village, as their surname is not the surname of gentry family.
There is no "Wybierekowa" but "Wybierkowa", because it's easier to spell, and faster. No need to add next syllable. Grammar.
"Pola Wybierkowskie" or "Wybierkowskie fields" may simply refer to the fields owned by Wybierek. This may be an adjective, and the area they owned was named after their surname. Something like "fields that belong to Wybierek". Every change of surname is a case of grammar: "Wybierek, Wybierka, Wybierków, Wybierkowa" et cetera - I told you that many times. If you want to understand it, you need to learn Polish grammar and the system of noun cases. Polish grammar is much more developed than English - it makes the language hard to learn. You may also ask me, why in Polish there are many forms of number 2, while in English are just few. What can I say? It is just because - grammar, language.
Their name may comes from the name of land, or the name of land may come from their name. Two options. It's hard to say now. For example, a village in Ukraine "Kysylyn" (Kisielin in Polish language) most probably comes from the owner's surname. On the other hand, other surnames may come from the name of village. In this particular case I would be more convinced, that their surname comes from the name of a village, as their surname is not the surname of gentry family.
Veles
4 Jan 2015
Love / Addressing your Polish in-laws or boy/girlfriend's parents? [49]
To be honest, as they are aware that you are not Polish, they will not have problems. Just keep everything the way you do now. And if your boyfriend told you it's fine, then it is fine :) Don't worry about this.
Wow, I didn't know that, I already use the Ty form like "Co Ty myslisz?" (since the beginning when I had very less knowledge of Polish). My boyfriend always told me it's absolutely fine to call them that way. But I have never directly addressed them, if I have to talk to them, I sort of just look at them and talk and hence no need of calling them out by name or something else.
To be honest, as they are aware that you are not Polish, they will not have problems. Just keep everything the way you do now. And if your boyfriend told you it's fine, then it is fine :) Don't worry about this.
Veles
4 Jan 2015
Love / Addressing your Polish in-laws or boy/girlfriend's parents? [49]
Mostly, you don't need to use last name nor first name. For example "What do you think?", you may ask "co pan sądzi?". There is no name.
Mostly, you don't need to use last name nor first name. For example "What do you think?", you may ask "co pan sądzi?". There is no name.
Veles
4 Jan 2015
Love / Addressing your Polish in-laws or boy/girlfriend's parents? [49]
It is normal that they use your first name - you are a girlfriend of their son. If they would like you to use their names, they will suggest you that. If they don't, keep it that way. Even thought it's formal, it's normal.
It is normal that they use your first name - you are a girlfriend of their son. If they would like you to use their names, they will suggest you that. If they don't, keep it that way. Even thought it's formal, it's normal.
Veles
4 Jan 2015
Love / Addressing your Polish in-laws or boy/girlfriend's parents? [49]
Never seen it. Never heard it. And I live in a village. It was used in the past, however.
This is still used in small towns and villages.
Never seen it. Never heard it. And I live in a village. It was used in the past, however.
Veles
4 Jan 2015
Veles
4 Jan 2015
Love / Addressing your Polish in-laws or boy/girlfriend's parents? [49]
At your place I would call them Pan/Pani.
At your place I would call them Pan/Pani.
Veles
4 Jan 2015
Genealogy / Drzązgowa, Wybierków; Przybył Łukasz (* Przybeło), pens Wybierkowa "ex Wrończyński - Translation with meaning [13]
Pam, but it is written in Polish language, not in English.
Rwyber, the suffix "-owa" was destined to married women. For example, if there was a guy with a surname "Nowak" and he married a woman, this woman was named "Nowakowa". There were also suffixes "-ówna" destined to daughters. So the daughter of Nowaks would be "Nowakówna". Nowadays, it is sometimes used but only in colloquial cases. It is present in modern times in Eastern Slavic nations - the rule is the same as in "Maria Sharapova". If she will have a husband "Yuri", his full name would not be "Yuri Sharapova", but "Yuri Sharapov" or "Sharap". However in Russia most probably "Sharapov".
Pam, but it is written in Polish language, not in English.
Rwyber, the suffix "-owa" was destined to married women. For example, if there was a guy with a surname "Nowak" and he married a woman, this woman was named "Nowakowa". There were also suffixes "-ówna" destined to daughters. So the daughter of Nowaks would be "Nowakówna". Nowadays, it is sometimes used but only in colloquial cases. It is present in modern times in Eastern Slavic nations - the rule is the same as in "Maria Sharapova". If she will have a husband "Yuri", his full name would not be "Yuri Sharapova", but "Yuri Sharapov" or "Sharap". However in Russia most probably "Sharapov".
Veles
4 Jan 2015
Genealogy / Drzązgowa, Wybierków; Przybył Łukasz (* Przybeło), pens Wybierkowa "ex Wrończyński - Translation with meaning [13]
So "rola" here means "a soil".
Wybierków and Wybierkowskie refers to the same thing, but there is difference in grammar. "Wybierków" is singular Nominative. Noun. "Wybierkowskie" is an adjective.
£ukasz has not this surname. I am not sure what things in brackets means, in particular "pens". Pens is a penny, pence, you know... British currency. Maybe it is a abbreviation of "pensjonariusz" that means "a boarder". However, later there is "ex" used. Ex + pens = expensa. From Latin - expense. But I don't know if it makes sense.
So "rola" here means "a soil".
Wybierków and Wybierkowskie refers to the same thing, but there is difference in grammar. "Wybierków" is singular Nominative. Noun. "Wybierkowskie" is an adjective.
£ukasz has not this surname. I am not sure what things in brackets means, in particular "pens". Pens is a penny, pence, you know... British currency. Maybe it is a abbreviation of "pensjonariusz" that means "a boarder". However, later there is "ex" used. Ex + pens = expensa. From Latin - expense. But I don't know if it makes sense.
Veles
4 Jan 2015
Genealogy / Drzązgowa, Wybierków; Przybył Łukasz (* Przybeło), pens Wybierkowa "ex Wrończyński - Translation with meaning [13]
What I assume here is...
This "kmieć" as a wealthy farmer had a number of fields. If he was wealthy, he had to have some fields, right? ;) In this case they were located in Wybierków. I'm not exactly sure, can you give me a link to the site from where you have this?
What I assume here is...
This "kmieć" as a wealthy farmer had a number of fields. If he was wealthy, he had to have some fields, right? ;) In this case they were located in Wybierków. I'm not exactly sure, can you give me a link to the site from where you have this?
Veles
4 Jan 2015
Genealogy / Drzązgowa, Wybierków; Przybył Łukasz (* Przybeło), pens Wybierkowa "ex Wrończyński - Translation with meaning [13]
Wybierać means to choose. Wybraniec means a chosen. First one is a verb, second is a noun. As you probably see it, "to choose" sounds and looks similar to "a chosen" - the same is in Polish. Same connotation between verb and noun.
What you have written is hard to understand for me (and I'm a native Polish speaker). But I'll try:
1. Whereas a role/a soil (depends on context) of Drzązgowa, Wybierków, in 1609.
2. Przybył £ukasz (* Przybeło) (in 1610 "Wybierków penny", in 1612 "ex Wrończyński"), *kmieć* from Dobrzec (in 1624-27 he held the fields of Wybierków)
3. Wybierek Piotr, *kmieć* from Dobrzec 1612-21 (in 1622-23 the Wybierków's field vacancy)
4. Wybierkowa Zofia, supposedly a widow after some Wybierek, from Dobrzec 1594-1611.
Wybierku is Locative case of "Wybierek".
*kmieć* was a richer farmer; also colloquially used to desribe a peasant.
Wybierać means to choose. Wybraniec means a chosen. First one is a verb, second is a noun. As you probably see it, "to choose" sounds and looks similar to "a chosen" - the same is in Polish. Same connotation between verb and noun.
What you have written is hard to understand for me (and I'm a native Polish speaker). But I'll try:
1. Whereas a role/a soil (depends on context) of Drzązgowa, Wybierków, in 1609.
2. Przybył £ukasz (* Przybeło) (in 1610 "Wybierków penny", in 1612 "ex Wrończyński"), *kmieć* from Dobrzec (in 1624-27 he held the fields of Wybierków)
3. Wybierek Piotr, *kmieć* from Dobrzec 1612-21 (in 1622-23 the Wybierków's field vacancy)
4. Wybierkowa Zofia, supposedly a widow after some Wybierek, from Dobrzec 1594-1611.
Wybierku is Locative case of "Wybierek".
*kmieć* was a richer farmer; also colloquially used to desribe a peasant.
Veles
30 Dec 2014
Genealogy / Origins of Polish surnames that end in "o". Are they from ukrainian origins [15]
What surname in particular you have in mind?
There was always a rumor in my family that we were poles from wołyń that moved to the western territories.
What surname in particular you have in mind?
Veles
29 Dec 2014
Genealogy / Origins of Polish surnames that end in "o". Are they from ukrainian origins [15]
Yes. Bojko is in fact a popular Ukrainian surname.
Yes. Bojko is in fact a popular Ukrainian surname.
Veles
28 Dec 2014
Life / Do the Poles have a positive attitude towards the Danes and Denmark? [16]
Bring some vodka and you'll be fine :) Don't bother about any nationalistic fellows, they are everywhere in the world. But in general, we Poles, have nothing against Danes. And to be honest, most of people are not quite familiar with this country. They only know that it's Scandinavia and has cross on the flag.
Ah, sorry, and some football fans will recognize Peter Schmeichel and Daniel Agger. ;)
Are there a positive attitude among the Poles towards the Danes, Denmark and Scandinavia in general?
Bring some vodka and you'll be fine :) Don't bother about any nationalistic fellows, they are everywhere in the world. But in general, we Poles, have nothing against Danes. And to be honest, most of people are not quite familiar with this country. They only know that it's Scandinavia and has cross on the flag.
Ah, sorry, and some football fans will recognize Peter Schmeichel and Daniel Agger. ;)
Veles
11 Dec 2014
Genealogy / Being ashamed of Polish ancestry? [156]
And I want to be rich, to be like Casanova, to be the most wise person on the Earth, and on every field be successful. Dreams are for free.
Your wishes and the idea you propose are impossible to create in real world. The only way to make such "union" which is in other words... the conquer of neighbour lands, is the fastest way to destroy Poland and erase it from maps and kill many of its citizens. Great idea, definitely. We do not live in ancient nor medieval times.
And I want to be rich, to be like Casanova, to be the most wise person on the Earth, and on every field be successful. Dreams are for free.
Your wishes and the idea you propose are impossible to create in real world. The only way to make such "union" which is in other words... the conquer of neighbour lands, is the fastest way to destroy Poland and erase it from maps and kill many of its citizens. Great idea, definitely. We do not live in ancient nor medieval times.
Veles
11 Dec 2014
Genealogy / Being ashamed of Polish ancestry? [156]
Intermarium's main goal was to prevent countries located between Germany and Soviet Union losing the hypothetical (as we know now, not hypothetical) war. Germans and Soviets were the biggest threat, and this was the purpose of Intermarium.
This point was actually about Belarus.
Yes, but Americans and Canadians have different history. There is no such ethinicity (despite of native Americans), this nation was created by the colonists. European countries were not. In other words - Americans and Canadians wanted to unite to create free country - in Europe such thing will be impossible, as there is no chance to forget about history and unite.
Americans, let's say, have beginning of their history in times of colonization. After the War of Independence they became one nation, no matter if they were British or French - the same with "American Dream" period. These people became Americans. Do you believe, that for example, Serbians will shake hand with Albanians even though they have argues about Kosovo? I doubt it. The same with other nations in Europe. Many Poles complain about Volynian Massacre and blame Ukrainians, many Lithuanians blame Poles for being "superior" during PLC, for wars about Vilnius; many Greeks are still in conflict with Macedonians about the name of their country etc. This is simply impossible to create peace here - such Union will bring the same results as Yugoslavia - wars. Because there had to be leader, and no matter who he/she will be, other nations would start talking about superiority of one nation.
I'd be more convinced about union focused on cooperation, without ideological context.
Excluded from what? You don`t see them as factors which would have their opinion in case of formation of new Commonwealth?
Intermarium's main goal was to prevent countries located between Germany and Soviet Union losing the hypothetical (as we know now, not hypothetical) war. Germans and Soviets were the biggest threat, and this was the purpose of Intermarium.
no. New Commonwealth needs to have neutral stance on Russia.
This point was actually about Belarus.
We see that USA and Canada creates American and Canadian ethoses.
Yes, but Americans and Canadians have different history. There is no such ethinicity (despite of native Americans), this nation was created by the colonists. European countries were not. In other words - Americans and Canadians wanted to unite to create free country - in Europe such thing will be impossible, as there is no chance to forget about history and unite.
Americans, let's say, have beginning of their history in times of colonization. After the War of Independence they became one nation, no matter if they were British or French - the same with "American Dream" period. These people became Americans. Do you believe, that for example, Serbians will shake hand with Albanians even though they have argues about Kosovo? I doubt it. The same with other nations in Europe. Many Poles complain about Volynian Massacre and blame Ukrainians, many Lithuanians blame Poles for being "superior" during PLC, for wars about Vilnius; many Greeks are still in conflict with Macedonians about the name of their country etc. This is simply impossible to create peace here - such Union will bring the same results as Yugoslavia - wars. Because there had to be leader, and no matter who he/she will be, other nations would start talking about superiority of one nation.
I'd be more convinced about union focused on cooperation, without ideological context.
Veles
11 Dec 2014
Genealogy / Being ashamed of Polish ancestry? [156]
As you probably know, Poles and Lithuanians are not really friends today. Such offer, even if somehow appreciated by the Lithuanian government, would result in negative opinion in society. Especially, due to original idea of Polish "supremacy" in this... union.
Germany and Russia are excluded by the definition.
Belarusians are divided between pro-Western and pro-Russian. Government is the part of the second.
What "new borders"? O_o
This scenario is abstract.
No one will join Intermarium of your dreams (it cannot be truly even named Intermarium), because:
1. They are afraid of results of leaving the EU;
2. Hatred between nations;
3. Alliance with Russians;
4. Archaic, panslavic ideas, without freedom and liberty.
No one will join such "union" - it would be like Soviet Union but without Russians and commie nonsense. Even I would be anti this idea, as I don't want any... genetic preservance in political cases. And the biggest thing: it has nothing to do with "Great Poland" you have mentioned.
Deal should be offered also to Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia.
As you probably know, Poles and Lithuanians are not really friends today. Such offer, even if somehow appreciated by the Lithuanian government, would result in negative opinion in society. Especially, due to original idea of Polish "supremacy" in this... union.
Bulgaria, if Germany and Russia have consensus about it. Same goes for Romania but, it depend on tripartite deal of Russia, France and Germany. Finland, if Russia and Germany agree. Croatia is excluded if its up to Germany and ruling elite in Croatia that is deeply anti-Slavic but pro-Germanic.
Germany and Russia are excluded by the definition.
Belarus is big question. It may want deal with Międzymorze if it has neutral stance on other world powers (if is Międzymorze out of NATO).
Belarusians are divided between pro-Western and pro-Russian. Government is the part of the second.
Ukraine should be called into Międzymorze when finish negotiations with Russia about their new borders.
What "new borders"? O_o
i am sure this scenario is inevitable.
This scenario is abstract.
No one will join Intermarium of your dreams (it cannot be truly even named Intermarium), because:
1. They are afraid of results of leaving the EU;
2. Hatred between nations;
3. Alliance with Russians;
4. Archaic, panslavic ideas, without freedom and liberty.
No one will join such "union" - it would be like Soviet Union but without Russians and commie nonsense. Even I would be anti this idea, as I don't want any... genetic preservance in political cases. And the biggest thing: it has nothing to do with "Great Poland" you have mentioned.
Veles
10 Dec 2014
Genealogy / Being ashamed of Polish ancestry? [156]
I know what is this. I was asking if he wants resurrection of the past or other bs, or cooperation between countries which were part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
And I asked because I can't believe that someone really is so arrogant to judge the others and state that he is "a better patriot" due to his own "bright" ideas.
I know what is this. I was asking if he wants resurrection of the past or other bs, or cooperation between countries which were part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
And I asked because I can't believe that someone really is so arrogant to judge the others and state that he is "a better patriot" due to his own "bright" ideas.