Language /
How many tenses and cases in Polish? [33]
There are multiple "verbal aspects" in Polish, but in fact FEWER "tenses" than, say, in English, French or Italian:-) Polish has seven cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, Locative, and Vocative! Each of these refer to the speaker's relationship with that to which or whom they are referring.
Nominative: To jest pan. (This is a gentleman)
Genitive: To jest palto pana. (This is the coat of the/a gentleman)
Dative: Pomagam stariemu panu. (I help the old gentleman)
Accusative: Widzę tego pana. (I see that/this gentleman)
Instrumental: On jest dobrym uczywim panem. (He is a good, honest gentleman)
Locative: Koszule jest na panu. (The shirt is [literally, if oddly, phrased!!!] on the gentleman.
Vocative: Dzień dobry, panie Witoldzie! (Greetings, Witold! [Vocative often untranslated]
The Polish aspects will require umpteen pages of comprehensive explanation, as their variety and scope can number nearly in the hundred or so possibilties.
As you can see, Polish is a very productive language, as are all conservative languages:-)