In Polish, there are perfective and imperfective verbs. Got the hang of it yet? Well, there are also iterative verbs and semelfactive verbs.
Iterative verbs (don't make me reiterate) denote an action that is repeated (or iterated) many times.
iść - to go (usually meaning on foot) chodzić - to go, similar to iść, but in an iterative sense
Idę do sklepów - I'm going to the shops. (That is what I am doing). Chodze do pracy - I go to work. (This happens time and time again).
When talking about going or carrying, there are several ways we can pair-up words. Iść and jechać are corresponding verbs for going on foot or by transport. These two words also correspond with nieść and wieźć, which mean to carry. But we also have iterative verbs for each of these four verbs.
iść > chodzić nieść > nosić
jechać > jeździć wieźć > wozić
pisać - to write pisywać - to write (iteratively)
On pisze do mnie - He is writing to me On pisuje swoje wspomnienia - He writes his memoirs. (I'm thinking of Moomin Papa). Pisywałem do do rodziców co dwa tygodnie - I used to write to my parents every fortnight.
cztać - to read czytywać - to read (iteratively)
Ona czyta teraz to pismo - She is reading the paper now. Ona czytuje wszystkie pisma w sklepie - She always reads all the newspapers in the shop.
If you have just read all this, be sure to read any comments anyone else adds beneath because I am bound to have made at least one tiny little mistake somewhere (or the whole lot is actually a big pile of rubbish). I'll say something about semelfactive verbs when I've got my strength back. This has been tiring.
Now it is time for semelfactive verbs. I'd actually like someone else to try to explain these because it seems like a slightly trickier subject. Semelfactive verbs describe something that happens once and once only. I think the infinitives all end in -nąć, although not all -nąć verbs are semelfactive.
kopać - to kick or to dig kopnąć - to give a kick (semelfactive)
błyszczeć - to shine, to glitter błysnąć - to flash (semelfactive)
Other semelfactive verbs I have found (please find me more): jęknąć - to groan krzyknąć - to cry out
Semelfactive: Kopnie piłkę - I give the ball a kick Kopniął piłkę - He gave the ball a kick Kopnij piłkę! - Kick the ball
Not semelfactive: Kopię piłkę - I am kicking the ball (not just one kick) Kopał piłkę - He kicked the ball, he kicked the ball (around) Kop piłkę - Kick the ball (not necessarily just one single kick)
Światło błysnęło - The light flashed. but Światło błyszczał - The light shone, the light was shining.
I'm not very good with -ąć / -nąć verbs, so I could do with a bit of help and a bit more time.
Are you sure? These semelfactive verbs sound a bit like 'punctive' verbs - where the start and the end of the action occur almost simultaneously and cannot be separated. Kick and flash would fit as punctive but I'm not sure about groan...
Can anyone give me any more iterative or semelfactive verbs? So far, I think this thread has only taught me one - one very useful one, but still only one.
stuknąć - stukać (to knock) machnąć - machać (to wave (hands etc)) krzyknąć - krzyczeć (to shout, to cry) ryknąć - ryczeć (to moo but not only don't know other English counterparts) warknąć - warczeć (to growl, to snarl (similar to bark innit) walnąć - walić (to hit) pchnąć - pchać (to push) tknąć or more often dotknąć - dotykać (to touch) połknąć - połykać (to swallow) kucnąć - kucać (to crouch) and many many others
there are also verbs that don't have iterative(frequentative) form like: palnąć - to hit; to say bullshit runąć - to fall down przycupnąć - to crouch, to sit down tchnąć - rare literary only in compounds - to fill with (hope, spirit) natchnąć - to inspire golnąć (sobie) - to have a shot (of vodka or similar beverage) (this is slang) (well there can be created iterative forms but they are not used and look strange to Poles)
there are also verb forms that look like semelfactive (one-time action) with -nąć ending but actually are not such: płynąć - to swim frunąć - to fly (of living creatures (suggests moving of the wings) - planes don't fruwają;) brnąć - hmm? :) sunąć - to push but also to move (as if pushed or as if pushing itself) garnąć - to grab, moknąć - to get wet schnąć - to dry chłonąć - to absorb płonąć - to be on fire/in flames, to burn łaknąć - to thirst, (to desire) pragnąć - to desire, to wish for puchnąć - to swell, to get swollen więdnąć - to wither mknąć - to speed
you rather don't do pukanie with a hammer, mostly with a finger (pukanie is say gentler then stukanie) if there is some undefined knocking (not at the door) then it is mostly stukanie
As per usual, Polish is far more exact than English! The next time some Yankee-Doodle Dunce starts to tell another "dumb Polak" joke, I swear, I'm gonna say what the late great Ted Knight (nee Kasziński) said in the same situation: "Now, tell it to me in Polish!" LOL
If any tongue, at least European, constantly tests the mental agility of the learner, it's got to be Polish)))))
You remind me of a colleague who was learning Turkish and ran across one word with umpteen different uses for English one entry, with the offhanded sigh of the true Brit, "Oh, goshhh, there's that word again!"
Are you somehow equating sameness of vocabulary, i.e. the identical word showing up in multiple contexts, with paultriness of expression??
Don't share your point of view at all, though I can see how one might think so. Perhaps the very select choice of words in Polish means that those few words used have a depth of significance we native English speakers can only envy:)))))
This is really not that difficult, guys. The only problem that it's pretty 'untranslatable' to English. :)
The conjugation seems pretty much regular, even when it's irregular for the frequentative ("iterative") aspect. And the semelfactive ("punctive") aspect is only a sub-aspect of the perfective, so you'll learn that verb anyway...
If you think these are exceptionally difficult, just imagine how hard it is to learn the plethora of English tenses + their continuous + their perfect + their aspects. You don't wanna know.
You remind me of a colleague who was learning Turkish and ran across one word with umpteen different uses for English one entry, with the offhanded sigh of the true Brit, "Oh, goshhh, there's that word again!"
I bet that "one entry" for the English was "get" or "have"... =)
Ted Knight must have originally been Kaszyński, not Kasziński!
Merged:PORYKIWAĆ - FREQUENTATIVE OR SOMETHING ELSE?
The po- prefix used with frequentative verbs creates a notion of distributiveness or successivness. So whereas in English we migth say: He poured vodka for his guests, in Polish: Ponalewał gościom wódkę evokes the image of the host filling one glass after another.
Or Krowa stała przy płocie i porykiwała. The cow was standing by the fence of lowing every so often. This is not the kind of frequentative as czytywać or pijąc (to read or drink over a long period of time), but a single occasion (day, morning, several hours) where an action is intermittently repeated.
Is there a special name for such verbs in linguistic terminology?
I believe we term it "iterative", e.g. "IDĘ na spacer." (iterative - repearted just once) vs. "CHODZĘ na spacer." (frequentative - performed ritually, indeed, on a daily basis) Future (perfective) would of course be "PÓJDĘ na spacer." = I WILL be taking a walk/stroll..... vs. "I take a walk/stroll REGULARLY." or "I'm going for a walk RIGHT NOW."
Hey, lots of tasty verbs here.... I love verbs of motion, especially irregular ones Present tense- chodzić, iść chodzę, idę Past tense- chodziłem: I went - determinate, but if you are indeterminate it's szedłem: I was in the process of going but hadn't completed the action.
I love this verb, it's one of my most favourite Polish verbies ;)
....not to mention the verb(s) "to fly"--:)) In Polish apparently, winged creatures take a separate verb from airplane travel; the perfective form "frunąć" vs. "latać"/"lecić"!!! Even German's not as precise as that. LOL
hmm I actually don't know the origins (etymology) of the verb polecić - to recommend
there is also a simmilar thing zlecić - zlecenie (zlecić komuś zadanie - to charge someone with a task; dać komuś zlecenie namalowania obrazu - to commission a painting from someone)
I am not sure if these verbs have anything to do with lecieć-latać-polecieć
edit
they could have though
they may all come from zalecić - to advise, to recommend which may come from zaloty ;)
polecić can also mean to order someone to do something and polecenie is order, command or instruction
there is a polecony kind of letter - it is supposed to get into the hands of the addressee only who should sing a receipt to confirm that he/she had received it.
legal correspondence is usually send as polecony letters (list polecony) would you be so kind and give me the name and some facts of any similar things in America/UK?
I want to refer to the "Pisywałem do rodziców co dwa tygodnie" example. I don't know if someone has pointed it out already, but I am a Polish native and I find it a little awkward. I wouldn't use the frequentative form, as you called it, in it. I would rather use the simple past form "Pisalem do rodzicow co dwa tygodnie". This is because in my opinion "pisywalem" denotes not only the fact of repeating the action, but also its irregularity. By irregularity I mean the fact that it occurs in random and generallly uneven intervals, which to me is its main characteristics.
"Pisywalem" means: I sent a letter one day, then I sent the next one two days later, and then another two at two consecutive days the next week, which does not fit with the adverbial "co dwa tygodnie", which determines the times of sending them precisely. While "pisalem" suggests no temporal variation whatsoever. (Actually it suggests nothing at all...).
