Life / Applying for EU passport... [51]

I did have my Polish passport from 1993-2003. (Which I lost/can't find)
Didn't renew it since I didn't need one to visit after 2004.
I have my aktu urodziny.
I don't have my numer PESEL.
If I wanted to get a tymczasowy (eventually a permanent one) or a Polish ID how long would it take?
Would it be possible to open a business or work solely with an birth certificate and a numer PESEL?
I have or could get the required papers listed however I'm not starting from scratch as I am (or was) a citizen already.

Thank you